Was the Cold War Truly a Cold War Essay examples

The ‘Cold War’ is one of the most interesting ‘wars’ fought in world history. The sheer number of countries both directly and indirectly involved is enough to pose the question – To what extent was the Cold War a truly Global War? This essay will examine this idea. It will identify two main areas of argument, focusing on the earlier part of the conflict (1945-1963). Firstly it will examine the growing US and Soviet influence in the world post 1945. Secondly it will examine three main conflicts, the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War and the Cuban Missile Crisis that these two super powers were involved in. Overall this essay will argue that the Cold War was no doubt a truly global war. In order to understand this idea, it must first be†¦show more content†¦The original main idea of the Truman doctrine and the policy of containment were to support Turkey and Greece – who were on the verge of being subjugated to the Soviet Union and communism. They needed the assistance of an outside power to help them fight off this threat . The main point to understand this is that it set the precedent that the USA would help any country that was under threat from the Soviet Union in any way, including a communist government trying to take power. To have a balanced argument, it must be examined the influence that the Soviet Union had in this period. It can best be described in two parts – firstly the solidification of the communist states in Eastern Europe for example Czechoslovakia. In 1948, Josef Stalin approved a plan by the Czechoslovakian communists to seize power in the only democratic state left in Eastern Europe . This was shown as making a point that the Eastern European states will remain communist and he would make sure that they did. An example from the 1950’s is the October 1956 Revolution against communism in Hungary. Russian tanks had stormed into Budapest and with the support of the AVN (Soviet backed Hungarian Secret Police) brought Communism back into Hungary . To make a comparison, Stalin and the Soviet Union had in essence, a policy of expansion – to spread communism throughout the world. The USA on the other hand, wanted to try to containShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War and the War on Ter ror987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat during the Cold War and the War on Terror, many of the feelings that citizens felt were the same, but what America called the enemy was different. Following the September 11th attacks, there was a feeling of paranoia felt throughout America similar to the paranoia felt during the Cold War. Americans did not feel safe, and an attack could come at any time. The fight on the home front looked different during the Cold War and the War on Terrorism. During the Cold War there was more of a correlationRead MoreThe Cold War And The Soviet War1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is the name granted to the tensions that developed between the USA and the USSR after World War II. The Cold War was an era of confrontation and competition between these two world powers that lasted from about 1946 to 1990. The Cold War was to dominate affairs for decades and many major crises occurred such as the Berlin Wall, Hungary, Vietnam, and the Cuban Missile Crisis ar e just a few examples of the problems that sparked as a result of the Cold War. For most, the growth in weaponsRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union1638 Words   |  7 Pagesgeographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa (Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream where she was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (Greekmythology.com, 2015). Although this does not describe the geographic boundaries of the continent, it never the less goes to show that the concept of Europe being as one is nothing new. However, it was only untilRead MoreWho Was to Blame for the Cold War? Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesWho Was To Blame For The Cold War? The blame for the Cold War cannot be placed on one person -- it developed as a series of chain reactions as a struggle for supremacy. It can be argued that the Cold War was inevitable, and therefore no ones fault, due to the differences in the capitalist and communist ideologies. It was only the need for self-preservation that had caused the two countries to sink their differences temporarily during the Second World War. Yet many of the tensions that existedRead MoreA Cold Korean War Essays848 Words   |  4 PagesA Cold Korean War The Korean War existed as a bi product to the hegemonic struggle between the contrasting political views of communism and capitalism. The event became the first military conflict of the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union, and it commenced on June 25th, 1950. These powers would continue to battle through the use of surrogate wars and political propaganda. War began to change exponentially with technology, and atomic warfare threatening, and still threatens, the life on earthRead MoreHow Far Did Peaceful Coexistence Ease Cold War Tensions Between the Soviet Union and the Usa in the Years 19531008 Words   |  5 PagesHow far did peaceful coexistence ease cold war tensions between the Soviet Union and the USA in the years 1953-61? In the years 1953-61 some might say that the cold war tensions were eased by peaceful coexistence, with super power negotiations and key agreements paving the way for better relations. Despite this, the stronger argument suggests that ultimately, cold war tensions were not eased, the cold war continued for another 30 years. This was due to failure to negotiate anything of substanceRead MoreConcepts of the Cold War840 Words   |  4 Pagesconcepts that arose during the Cold War made a notable difference to the landscape of the next 60 years. Under the atmosphere of impending doom, many novel concepts were conceived that dramatically altered the psyches of generations to come. Mutually Assured Destruction, nuclear winter and the concept of psychological resistance are all good examples of how the Cold War altered the social fabric for years to come. The first, and best remembered, of these concepts was MAD, Mutually Assured DestructionRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a political, ideological and sometimes indirect military confrontation that took place after the Second World War between the two largest powers in the world: The United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two great powers intensified without a real war on the ground. It was a silent war characterized by both powers in an arms race with the most lethal weapons without actually using these weapons. That is why that war was known as the Cold War. In this paper,Read MoreThe Cold War : A New History By John Lewis Gaddis Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesI chose The Cold War: A New History by John Lewis Gaddis for my book to review. I originally read parts of this book for History of the International System, but we did not read the entire book in class, only certain chapters. It’s been two years since Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢ve picked up the book, and after reading about the Cold War in the context of U.S. foreign policy rather than simply an international history class, it seems like an entirely new book. I really like how the book into broken up into a series of themesRead MoreThe Cold War : The United States1172 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a significant time for the United States and the Soviet Union, while the rest of the world watched intently. Although no actual war took place, both of these powerful countries did their best to promote their political and ideological ideas while trying to gain some ground in the seemingly never ending arms race. This war was driven by both fear and the strive to become the strongest and most powerful country. During the time of the Cold War, the United States proved to be a strong

Social Conflict and Social Relations The Marxism Approach

Introduction Marxism is an approach of societal evaluation that targets societal conflict and class-relations making use of a materialist explanation of historical development, along with a dialectical view of social remodeling. Marxist evaluation uses economic and socio-political examination and applies it to the investigation and evaluation of the development of capitalism and the role of class struggle in systemic economic change (Walicki, 1997). Marxism develops on a materialist knowledge of societal advancement, taking as its starting point the necessary economic activities needed by human society to take care of their subsistence (McLellan, 2007). Marxist evaluation describes radical polarization of classes in the capitalization†¦show more content†¦The double political uncertainties confronted by the socialist movements were: one is the decrease of its mass character; the other, the abandonment of its goal. Vladimir Lenin dialectically blended both challenges in his thought of an interventionist organization of revolutionaries–one that participates and tries to provide leadership in the day-to-day struggle to be able to win broader layers of workers to the revolutionary overthrow of the system when the appropriate conditions arose. To sustain the goal of the revolution, Lenin linked every unexpected demand to a revolutionary objective utilizing every single partial struggle to demonstrate the masses the necessity of general action and for insurrection against the reactionary rule of capital. Also, to make an effort ensuring that every single struggle of a limited character is prepared and directed in such a way as to have the capacity to lead the way to the mobilization and unification of the proletarian forces, rather than to their dispersal. Lenin developed the ideas about democratic centralism for the internal organization of the party. He fully understood that the party cannot really accomplish its responsibility without centralization. Democratic centralism makes it possible for the party to function in a multipurpose, unified manner and makes it possible for the working class to have an organization at its disposal that can help take advantage of revolutionary situations. When revolutionary conditionsShow MoreRelatedThree Theoretical Approaches to Sociology1326 Words   |  6 Pagessociological perspective was Functionalism, a paradigm which analyzes social structures (such as religion, schooling, or race relations) to deduce what social functions (such as marriage conventions, college attendance, or hiring practices) derive from them. This theoretical approach views society as a system of inter-dependent social functions each working to maintain equilibrium and stability within the whole. The social function of marriage, for instance, might be seen to derive from a religiousRead MoreKarl Marx And The Communist Manifesto Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pageswas written collaboratively by both Marx and Engels, as they explored the argument that â€Å"history and progress can be seen dialectically as societies shift from one mode of production to another†. This will be argued through a contextual account of Marxism, its development, critiques, and both the dependency theory and critical theory. Marx closely analysed the economic interactions within the capitalist community, arguing that the unfair wages were being distributed to workers due to capitalism beingRead MoreSpeech Relations in Constructivism Theory1599 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis of the speech in relation to Constructivism theory The ideas that countries float and advocate for at times of conflict usually lead to intense war or peace. In constructivism, the major idea is how structures put in place are influenced by persuasive ideas and common beliefs that countries bring into play in the international arena. Politics in the international community is a product of social construction emanating from common values and persuasive ideas asRead More Comparing Functionism, Marxism, and Social Action Theory Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages Sociology is generally made up of three paradigms: Functionalism, Conflict Theory and Symbolic interactionism. A paradigm is a set of assumptions that shape and underlie explanations of why society is the way it is (Early Stratification Theory, internet 2003). Functional Theory is often traced from Durkheim, Parsons and Merton. Functionalists believe in shared norms and values, which are influenced by the Family, Education, church and employment. It sees Read MoreMarxist Theories Of International Relations903 Words   |  4 Pagesrole of economics in defining social and political relations. These were also exceedingly pessimistic in their approach, offering hardly any viable option to replace the capitalist system. The core principle of Marxism is that the world is divided not into politically determined nations but into economically determined classes. Subsequently, politics does not supersede economics, but rather economics trumps politics. The various Marxist theories of international relations agree that the internationalRead MoreMarx And Engels s Critique And Critique Of Capitalism1669 Words   |  7 Pagesand Engels wrote about economical in relation to the means or mode of production, ideology, alienation and most fundamentally, class relations (particularly between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat). Collectively, these two men created the theory of Marxism. There are multiple critiques of Marxism that attack the fundamental tenants of their argument. Several historical events have fueled such criticisms, such as the fall of the Soviet Union, where Marxism was significantly invalidated and condemnedRead MoreTheories Of Marxist Theory And Conflict Theory1066 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom one another. Marxist theory has connection with labeling theory and conflict theory. Marxist theory and conflict theory explains law and criminal justice but does not oversee multi-groups conflict of society (Akers 2017). Marxist theory is a sociological model which is based on conflict of classes (Akers 2017). Marx viewed the industrial society or capitalist society from a macro point of view. Marxism is also a conflict theory, believing that the structure of society contains contradictionsRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Society1450 Words   |  6 Pagessociologist who was trying to look at society and how it can function in a new way. Marx’s was a German social philosopher, cultural commentator, and was political activist. He developed the terms â€Å"Conflict Theory† and â€Å"Marxism†. To start off with conflict theory is defined as a paradigm that see social conflict as the basis of society, social change and emphases a materialist view of society. Social inequality which is the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and among prestige members of societyRead Moresymbolic interactionism1449 Words   |  6 Pagessociological viewpoint that has shaped various matters of the practice as we know it today. Social interactionism particular focus is based on how individuals learn to interpret and also gives meaning to the world through interaction with others. The term â€Å"symbolic interactionism† is remotely used to distinguish the study of human life and conduct. It has been argued by sociologist that this has a micro approach and doesn’t stipulate any macro substance or in other words this philosophy concentratesRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1389 Words   |  6 PagesJimmy Hawthorne Mrs. Almack AP English 4 10/1/14 Marxism is a secular method for analysis focusing on class relations and societal conflict, which can be used to analyze The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Karl Heinrich Marx was born in Prussia on May 5, 1818 to Heinrich and Henrietta Marx. He explored sociopolitical theories and became a journalist creating socialist writings causing him to be banished from Germany and France. Marx is the creator of the Communist Manifesto which was published

Lexical Stylistic Devices Free Essays

LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche Simile She passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. We will write a custom essay sample on Lexical Stylistic Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. Epithet Epithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets. Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking sigh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen. The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful. The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event. It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Don Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1. He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference between a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Inte rjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance. Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression. It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expressio n: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a ‘prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and Sayings Proverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator. Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A God that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature. He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine. Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals. How to cite Lexical Stylistic Devices, Papers Lexical Stylistic Devices Free Essays LEXICAL STYLISTIC DEVICES Metaphor Genuine metaphors Trite(dead) metaphors Metonymy Metonymy Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated: ‘The White House said†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (the American government) ; the press (newspapers and magazines); the cradle(infancy, place of origin);the grave(death); The hall applauded; The marble spoke; The kettle is boiling; I am fond of Agatha Christie; We didn’t speak because there were ears all around us; He was about a sentence away from needing plastic surgery . Synecdoche Simile She passed through the grove like a shadow, and like a shadow she sailed across the garden. Cliche I want to die young at a ripe old age. We will write a custom essay sample on Lexical Stylistic Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Irony Irony Well done! A fine friend you are! ‘What a noble illustration of the tender laws of this favoured country! – they let the poor go to sleep! ’                Irony must not be confused with humour, although they have very much in common. Humour always causes laughter. But the function of irony is not to produce a humorous effect. Irony is generally used to convey a negative feeling: irritation, displeasure, pity or regret. Epithet Related article: The Man With The Scar Essay Epithet coveys the subjective attitude of the writer as it is used to characterize an object and pointing out to the reader some properties or features of the object. Epithet aims at evaluation of these properties or features. Heart-burning smile; wild winds; fantastic terrors; voiceless sands;                unearthly beauty; deep feelings; sleepless bay. Fixed epithets (stock images) are mostly used in ballads and folk-songs: ‘true love’, ‘dark forest’, ‘sweet Sir’, green wood’; ‘good ship’, ‘brave cavaliers’. From the point of view of their compositional structure epithets may be divided into simple, compound, phrase and sentence epithets. Simple: dreary midnight; brilliant answer; sweet smile. Compound: heart-braking sigh; good-for-nothing fellow; Phrase epithets and sentence epithets: 1. ‘Personally I detest her (Giaconda’s) smug, mystery-making, come-hither-but-go-away-again-because-butter-wouldn’t-melt-in-my-mouth expression’. 2. There is a sort of ‘Oh–what–a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler’ expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring to tea s into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen. The reversed epithets, or metaphorical, are of two types: 1) two nouns are linked in an of-phrase: a devil of a job; ‘A little Flying Dutchman of a cab’2) The predicative is in the inverted position: ‘Fools that they are’; ‘Wicked as he is’                Transferred epithets describe the state of a human being but referred to an animate object: sleepless pillow; unbreakfasted morning; merry hours; an indifferent shoulder; sick chambers. Oxymoron Oxymoron is a combination of two words in which their meaning clash, being opposite in sense:                Sweet sorrow; pleasantly ugly face; deafening silence; horribly beautiful. The following example describes the author’s attitude to New York: ‘I despise its vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers of any town I ever saw. (Satiric mocking) Allusion Allusion is reference to a famous historical, literary, mythological, biblical or everyday life character or event, commonly known. As a rule no indication of the source is given. It’s his Achilles heel. Antonomasia Antonomasia is intended to point out the leading, most characteristic features of a person or of event. It categorizes the person and simultaneously indicates both the general and the particular. Antonomasia can be defined as a variety of allusion:                Vralman, Molchalin, Mr. Zero, Don Juan. Metalepsis Metalepsis is a reference to something remotely associated with the theme of the speech. ‘I’ve got to go catch the worm tomorrow morning. ’ said Mary. (The early bird catches the worm- a proverb) Zeugma Zeugma (syllepsis) is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations. It creates a semantic incongruity which is often humorous: 1. He lost his hat and his temper. 2. ‘†¦and covered themselves with dust and glory. -Mark Twain 3. Oae ai? au e aaa nooaaioa. Iaei a aaeioao, a? oaie – a oieaa? neoao. 4. The alphabet was above the blackboard and friendly atmosphere was there. 5. ‘And May’s mother always stood on her gentility; and Dora’s mother never stood on anything but her active feet’. Pun Pun (also known as paronomasia) is a deliberate confusion of similar – sounding words for humorous effect. Puns are often used in jokes and riddles. E. g. 1. What is the difference between a schoolmaster and an engine-driver? One trains the mind and the other minds the train. ) 2. The name Justin Time sounds like ‘just in time’ 3. I have no idea how worms reproduce but you often find them in pairs (pears). 4. Officer. -What steps (measures) would you take if an enemy tank were coming towards you? Soldier. – Long ones. Interjections and Exclamatory Words Inte rjections and Exclamatory Words are used to express our strong feelings; they are conventional symbols of human emotions. The interjection is not a sentence; it is a word with strong emotive meaning. Interjections radiate the emotional element over the whole utterance. Here are some of the meanings that can be expressed by interjections: joy, delight, admiration, approval, disbelief, astonishment, fright, regret, dissatisfaction, boredom, sadness, blame, reproach, protest, horror, irony, sarcasm, self-assurance, despair, disgust, surprise, sorrow, and many others. Oh! Ah! Pooh! Gosh! Alas! Heavens! Dear me! God! Come on! Look here! By the Lord! Bless me! Humbug! Terrible! Awful! Great! Wonderful! Fine! Man! Boy! Why! Well! Periphrasis Periphrasis denotes the use of a longer phrasing in place of a possible shorter and planer form of expression. It is also called circumlocution due to the round-about or indirect way to name a familiar object. There are traditional periphrases which are not stylistic devices, they are synonymic expressions: The giver of rings, the victor lord, the leader of hosts (king), the play of swords(battle), a shield-bearer(warrior), the cap and gown (student), the fair sex (women), my better half (my wife). The traditional periphrasis is an important feature of epic poetry. Periphrasis as stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object. Stylistic periphrasis can be divided into logical and figurative. Logical: instruments of destruction (pistols), he most pardonable of human weaknesses (love). Figurative periphrasis is based either on metaphor or on metonymy. To tie the knot (to marry), the punctual servant of all work (the sun). There is little difference between metaphor or metonymy and periphrasis. Euphemisms Euphemism is a word or a phrase used to replace an unpleasant word or expressio n: to die=to pass away, to be no more, to depart, to join the majority, to be gone; to kick the bucket, to give up the ghost, to go west. So, euphemisms are synonyms which aim to produce a mild effect. Euphemisms may be divided into several groups:                1) religious, 2) oral, 3) medical, 4) parliamentary. a woman of a certain type(whore), to glow(to sweat),mental hospital(madhouse), the big C(cancer), sanitation worker(garbage man). Meiosis/Understatement Meiosis/Understatement is a figure of speech which intentionally understates something or implies that it is less in significance, size, than it really is. For example, a lawyer defending a schoolboy who set fire to school, might call the fact of arson a ‘prank’ (i? iaaeea). Hyperbole Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a phenomenon or an object. He was so tall that I could not see his face. Proverbs and Sayings Proverbs and sayings are brief statements showing in condensed form life experience of the community and serving as conventional symbols for abstract ideas. They are usually didactic and image rearing. Proverbs and sayings have some typical features: rhythm, sometimes rhyme and or alliteration. 1. ‘Early to bed and early to rise, 2. Out of sight, out of mind. Iineiaeou iaeaaa? o aoeaaeuiui e/eee ia? aiiniui niuneii. Aeaia ioeoa ii iieaoo. Iiaiai? ee eia? o oieuei aoeaaeuiue ieai. Ai? y aiyouny- n? anouy ia aeaaou. Epigrams Epigrams are terse, witty statements, showing the turn of mind of the originator. Epigram is a stylistic device akin to a proverb, the only difference being that epigrams are coined by people whose names we know, while proverbs are the coinage of the people. ‘A God that can be understood is not a God. ’ Quotations Quotation is a repetition of a phrase or statement from a book, speech and the like used by the way of illustration, proof or as a basis for further speculation on the matter. By repeating the utterance in a new environment, we attach to the utterance an importance. Allegory Allegory is a device by which the names of objects or characters are used figuratively, representing some more general things, good or bad ualities. A type of allegory is Personification. Personification Personification is a form of comparison in which human characteristics, such as emotions, personality, behaviuor and so on, are attributed to an animal, object or idea. The proud lion surveyed his kingdom. The primary function of personification is to make abstract ideas clearer to the reader by comparing them to everyday human experience. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,                Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! Personification is often represented by the masculine or feminine pronouns for the names of animals, objects or forces of nature. He is used for the Sun, the Wind , for the names of animals (The Cat that walked all by himself), for abstract notions associated with strength and fierceness-Death, Fear, War, Love. She is used for what is regarded as rather gentle (the Moon, Nature, Beauty, Hope, Mercy. In neutral style there also some associations of certain nouns and gender. The names of countries, if the country is not considered as a mere geographical territory, are referred to as feminine (England is proud of her poets). The names of vessels and vehicles are also referred as feminine. Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism is the form of personification consisting of creating imagery persons of inanimate objects. Common examples include naming one’s car or begging a machine to work. The use of anthropomorphized animals has a long tradition in literature and art. They are used to portray stereotypical characters, in order to quickly convey the characteristics the author intends them to possess. Examples include Aesop’s fables, famous television characters, Tom and Jerry, Mickey Mouse and a lot of other funny animals. How to cite Lexical Stylistic Devices, Essay examples

Current Technological Changes in Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Current Technological Changes in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction Kudos to technological advancement, healthcare services is no longer confined within the walls of healthcare facilities. The large number of people that are involved today in developing newer technological means for humanitys sake is huge and inspiring. Advancement in healthcare sector has facilitated easier diagnosis of diseases, where treatment is more personalized. Technology has provided with better means of conducting research, collecting data and dealing with patient care. The treatment efficiency has been transported to an all-new level due to the leap taken by technology towards innovation. Both the structure along with the organization of the medical field stands altered today because of technological advancement. It is a tedious process of enlisting all possible technological changes, which has been witnessed by the health care sector. A few of the highlighting achievements has been shortlisted and discussed in the current study. Technological Trendsetters of healthcare A few of the latest technology that finds its use in healthcare sector has been discussed in the following sections: Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) comprises of specially built ambulances that has staff (paramedic and stroke physician) equipped with providing prompt care and assessing the condition of the patient (Walter et al., 2012). Even before reaching the hospital, blood work is carried out, CT (Computed Tomography) scan as well as TPA (Tissue Plasminogen Activator) administration is also performed in order to save time (Free et al., 2013). Maximum people lose their lives during a stroke due to lack of prompt care (Kunz et al., 2016). Most of the times, the patients arrive to the hospital in a state when they are beyond help (Itrat et al., 2016). Studies have proved the effectiveness of MSUs and have shown that the response time has considerably reduced and the mortality rate has gone down (Koch et al., 2016). The blood-pressure management has also improved post the implementation of MSUs in treatment of strokes (Ebinger et al., 2014). A very recent study has also shown that the MSUs equipped with CT scanners with the new software that helps in deducing the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (e-ASPECTS), facilitated acute stroke care (Grunwald et al., 2016). This helps in providing management of stroke and assessing the treatment option before reaching the hospital. A lot of valuable time and lives can be saved this way. Miniature Leadless Pacemakers has become popular today due to its less bulky appearance in contrast to its previous versions (Ritter et al., 2015). They are specific for a single heart chamber and have proved to be more effective than the previous models. The Micra transcatheter is a commonly used miniature leadless pacemaker, which is specific to the ventricle of the heart (Reynolds et al., 2015). The conventional lead based pacemakers consisted of an external generator which used to be placed in the subcutaneous layer near the shoulder where it is connected to the electrodes, placed in the cardiac tissue (Tjong et al., 2015). Micra transcatheter has completely replaced the external generator and implanted directly in the ventricle and its implantation does not require a surgical procedure (Sperzel et al., 2015). The introduction of the Micro transcatheter has helped the patients avoid several complications associated with the conventional pacemakers. Some of the complications that were observed are breaks in insulation, obstruction of veins, infections (Udo et al., 2012). Conditions of haematoma and erosion of skin has been reported by patients (Kirkfeldt et al., 2013). The only limitation that cripples Micra is its single chamber technology (Seriwala et al., 2016). For a patient who would require dual chamber pace maker, would have to resort to the traditional pacemaker itself. There are two other leadless pacemakers, which is eyeing for a launch, namely, Nanostim and Wics (WiSE-CRT) (Auricchio et al., 2014). Robotic Surgery has helped the healthcare sector to overcome several shortcomings that were associated with conventional surgical practices. It has several advantages over traditional surgical techniques, such as, enhanced level of motion, improved visualization and in-depth acuity provided with the help of monitors that has three-dimensional effect, ease and comfort of working increases the collective efficiency of the surgeon (Panait et al., 2014). Robotic Surgery Stimulator (RoSS), helps in providing effective surgical training with the help of simulation (Hagen et al., 2012). In this way, the live demo option as seen in traditional surgical training is avoided. A major advantage of robotic surgery is its ability to perform suturing similar to the technique applied in open surgeries, thereby reducing the complications related to anastomoses as faced during laproscopy (Randell et al., 2014). The predicament faced by the surgeons in case of fulcrum effect as well as shudder as part of performing laproscopy, is overcome completely wit h robotic assistance (Dulan et al., 2012). Robotic surgery is time efficient and is more cost effective in comparison to traditional surgical methods (Salman et al., 2013). The infamous da Vinci surgical system is used to carry out different kinds of surgeries such as cardiac, urologic, gynecologic, colorectal, thoracic surgeries (Abboudi et al., 2013). The only limitation faced by the health care facilities is the initial high cost of installation and trained personnel to handle the robotic assistance (Wilensky, 2016). Nanotechnology is the call of the century and finds its use in several fields. Several attributes of nanotechnology are applied in healthcare, from nanobots to liposomes, acting as diagnosing means or delivery systems. Nanoparticles (NPs) in healthcare have a huge domain of application. The most effective one is in the field of drug delivery. The idea of targeted drug delivery had evolved to provide safer incorporation of drugs in the system. The issue of MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) bacteria has put the researchers in a fix as the pathogens can no longer be combated with the regular antibiotics (Ingale and Chaudhari, 2013). The small size of the NPs makes it eligible for drug delivery as it provides larger surface area which allows the binding of the molecules that are to be delivered at the target size (Khademhosseini Peppas, 2013). The issue of toxicity has also been solved today as researchers are developing biocompatible nanoparticles that do not have any adverse effect in the bo dy (Vashisht et al., 2012). Their small size allows easy uptake by cells and tissues in the body (Bhattarai Bhattarai, 2012). Studies have shown gold nanoparticles to be efficient in combating against MDR E. coli (Li et al., 2014). Gold nanoparticles are self-therapeutic in nature, it is also non-toxic, therefore proves to be a wise choice as a carrier (Khameneh et al., 2016). Discovery of theranostic nanoparticles has helped in diagnosing diseases by approaching the molecular level (Kaushik et al., 2015). The only limitation of NPs is its agglomeration in the body leading to toxicity (Tiwari, 2014). This has led to the emergence of nano biotechnology, which is working towards devising biocompatible scaffolds to reduce the toxicity (Yong, 2015). Other than drug delivery, NPs find extensible use as sensors and bio-imaging modules too. The latest contribution to healthcare from the technological aspect has been contributed by development of Google glass as a part of trauma care. Google glass is a successful resultant of the breakthrough achieved in the information and telecommunication technology. Google glass appears like a traditional pair of glasses, but the contrasting attributes includes a processing unit, a display screen, a camera, a microphone, a bone conduction transducer and equipped with Wifi connectivity (Muensterer et al., 2014). Study has proved its utility in maintaining the sterility in the operation theatre (Wu, Tully Dameff, 2014). The glass does not need to be touched to switch on. By simply tilting, the head a 20-30 can switch on the glasses (Grushka Ginzberg, 2014). It can also be used to record surgery sessions for future reference, which is completely, hands free (Andersen et al., 2015).Google glass has been helpful in studying forensic science too where a recorded assessment of autopsy ses sion (Liebert et al., 2016). This is helpful because textual documentation needs to be accompanied by imagination, which is based on considerable knowledge of human anatomy (Albrecht et al., 2014). In forensic analysis, the limitation faced is the lower camera resolution, which cannot match with the higher resolution of DSLRs (Digital Single Lens Reflex) (Yu et al., 2016). The only drawback is the issue of privacy. The unprotected streaming of videos takes place on the Google server (Jawad et al., 2015). Conclusion The latest technological advancement provides humanity with hope; however, the assurance is short lived. The complexity of the diseases, the resistive nature of the disease causing organisms, the trend seems to change every day. 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